Agriculture - Mind42

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AgricultureField Note: Changing GreensOrganic Agriculture - Crops made without synthetic pesticides and chemicalsMost crops grown and sold in coreKey QuestionsWhat is agriculture, and where did agriculture begin?How did agriculture change with industrializiation?What imprint does agriculture make on the cultural landscape?What is the global pattern of agriculture and agribusiness?What is Agriculture and Where Did Agriculture Begin?Hunting, Gathering, and FishingOak Forests - NutsPacific - SalmonGreat Plains - BisonAleut - Fish and Sea MammalsTerrain and ToolsStarted as clubs, and later evolved into axes, spears, etc.Control of FireTools allowed people to alter environments and take advantage of migrationThe First Agricultural RevolutionCarl Sauer - Land of plenty allowed for agriculture and animal capturePlant Domestication - Began in Southeast and South Asia 14,000 years agoRoot crops - Plants reproduced by roots or cuttingsSeed Crops - Reproduced by seedsCrops spread and diffusedDomestication of AnimalsEmerged over time, in stagesAnimals kept as pets and ceremonialAnimals got smaller over timeThe animals were domesticated in different places sometimes simultaneously14 of 148 large animals have been domesticatedHunter-Gatherers in the Modern WorldThey do so in the global economyMarginalization of Subsistence FarmingEurope wanted to integrate farmers into production and exchangeEx. 1 acre of corn = 1 acre of cash cropTermsAgriculture - Tending of crops to produce foodPrimary Economic Activities - Products closest to the groundSecondary Economic Activities - Take a primary product and manipulate itTertiary Economic Activities - Connecting producers to consumersQuaternary Economic Activities - Exchange of money or goodsQuinary Economic Activities - Research or Higher EducationSubsistence Agriculture in the Modern WorldGrowing only enough food to surviveShifting Cultivation - Moving place to place for more arable landSlash and Burn (Milpa/Patch) - Using controlled fire to destroy vegetationHow Did Agriculture Change with Industrialization?Understanding the Spatial Layout of AgricultureThe Von Thunen ModelShowed profit of farming according to distance from cityFarther from city tends to be more organic?Agricultural production does not always conform to this modelThe Third Agricultural RevolutionAlso called the Green Revolution - Experimenting with seeds to find a hybridChinese/Indian rice hybridsHelped to make countries self-sufficientSometimes viewed as a failureNew Genetically Modified FoodsGMOs - Genetically Modified OrganismsFound in 75% of foodsEmbraced in West Europe states, not accepted in some other regionsRegional and Local ChangeLatin America - increases in cash cropsOverall agricultural exports have decreasedIn Africa, women manage agricultureRectangular Survey System - Checkerboards across fieldsTownship-and-Range System - Facilitated movement of non-Indians across farmlandMetes and Bounds Survey - Natural features used to designate landLonglot Survey System - Narrow parcels from banks to rivers to canalsPrimogeniture - Land passes to the eldest sonTermsSecond Agricultural Revolution - Innovations, Improvements, and Techniques to Improve AgricultureWhat Imprint Does Agriculture Make on the Cultural LandscapeVillagesFarm Villages2% of USA involved in AgricultureDispersed Settlement - Farmhouses far apart from each otherIn Europe villages are often on hilltopsTypes of VillagesLinear - In lineCluster - In a groupRound - In a circleWalled - Protected by wallsGrid - Houses lie within a grid shapeFunctional Differentiation Within VillagesChiefs have impressive housesFarm villages protect the livestockIn Africa, livestock pens are attached to housesWhat is the Global Pattern of Agriculture and Agribusiness?The World Map of ClimatesKoppen climate classification system - Classifies world on hasis of climateClimatic Regions - Areas with climatic characteristicsTypes of ClimatesA - Very hot and humidAf - Equatorial RainforestsAm - Monsoon ClimateAw - SavannaBW - DesertBS - SteppeCf - Humid and warmC - MediterraneanDa - Mildly coldDfb/Dfc - Cold and Long WintersThe World Map of AgricultureCash Crops and Plantation AgriculturePlantation Agriculture - Production systemMultinational Corps protect their plantationsCotton and RubberBig cash cropsCotton blew up in the 19th CenturyRubber became big around the 1900sWWII had a need for rubberLuxury CropsTea, Cacao, Coffee, and TobaccoCoffee is second most valuable commodity after petroleumFair Trade CoffeeCommercial Livestock, Fruit, and Grain AgricultureMap of Agriculture - Self ExplanitoryLivestock Ranching - Raising of domesticated animals for meatSubsistencece AgricultureSubsistence Crop and Livestock, Chiefly Rice, Chiefly Wheat and otherMediterranean AgricultureA particular climatic zoneCitrus, Olives, Grapes, Dates, etc.Illegal DrugsCoca (Cocaine) grown in Peru Colombia, and BoliviaPoppy (Heroin and Opium) grown in Southeast and Southwest Asia, Afghanistan, MyanmarMexican Drug LordsEnvironmental Impacts of Commercial AgricultureMediterranean Europe clearing landOverfishingSoil ErosionVegetation killed by livestockAgribusiness and the Changing Geography of AgricultureAgribusiness - Business that supports AgricultureChickens mass produced - Big, Unhealthy, Low Life QualityHog productionReveals capacity of markets to influence farmingLoss of Productive FarmlandFertile farmland lost to housing and retailNew nodeTermsCommercial Agriculture - Agriculture sold for a profitMonoculture - Dependance on a single agricultural commodity